A scientific report about air pollution due to automotive emissions Lab

A scientific about air pollution due to automotive emissions - Lab Report Example Nevertheless, the increased levels, even in converters that are 10 years old, are still lower than the emissions of engines that do not have converters. The world’s population doubled from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion in 1999 (International Data Base, 2008). This rapid rise has led to increased demand and use of modern transportation, majority of which, run on the fossil fuels petroleum and diesel. The burning of fossil fuels to power automotives results in production of compounds that do not burn completely to their elemental forms. These products are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxides. Carbon monoxide is toxic even in small amounts. Carbon dioxide is the major greenhouse gas, contributing largely to global warming. Nitrous oxides react with water in the environment and are a major contributor to acid rain and the consequent problems associated with acid rain (Driscoll, 2001). Reducing vehicular emissions can be achieved by the use of a catalytic converter, which first came about in 1975 (Environmental Protection Agency, 1994). This simple device is used to reduce harmful emissions to less harmful forms and amounts. As the name implies, the catalytic converter acts by mediating the conversion of nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to nitrogen gas, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The converter has both reduction and oxidation catalysts consisting of a ceramic structure coated with the metal catalysts (platinum, rhodium and/or palladium, and recently, gold). Gold, aside from being cheaper, increases oxidation by up to 40 percent (Kanellos, 2007). Exhaust coming from the engine passes through the converter and is released after the gases have been transformed to less harmful compounds. The objectives of this experiment were to compare the emission levels of automotive that are run by diesel and petrol without catalytic converters, and to test the effect of converter age and speed of the vehicle

The Effectiveness Of Figurative Language Religion Essay

The Effectiveness Of Figurative Language Religion Essay Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, the most renowned sermon in American history, had been delivered by Jonathan Edwards before his congregation in Enfield, Connecticut on the morning of July 8th, 1741. By Edwards time, the Puritans had lost their authority in the Northern colonies and more liberal denominations of Christianity were being embraced. As other denominations preached of a more merciful God and of the opportunity of salvation for everyone, Edwards, with great determination, believed he should revive Puritan principle. In his sermon, Edwards passionately uses similes and metaphors to encourage his message to his congregants. Through his use of figurative language, Edwards puts the abstract concepts of his sermon into realistic scenarios in which all members of the congregation of different intellects may understand. Edwards motives for describing the concepts of his lecture through figures of speech were to awaken his worshippers from their stagnancy, motivate the unconverted to convert, and to reassure the doubts of straying members the powerfulness of God. Edwards wanted to create an image in his followers minds of how dependent they are on Gods sovereignty and depict how helpless humankind truly is in the wrath of God. Edwards hoped his listeners would experience an overwhelming sense of Gods sovereignty, and through this experience, Edwards hoped his listeners would take action to escape certain damnation. His listeners are meant to feel awaken, and by which, feel the need to contemplate and re pent for ones own personal wickedness. Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Edwards, 695). In this simile, particularly, Edwards is provoking his congregation to consider the heaviness the burden of sin has on the human soul. Moreover, Edwards attempts to provide an illustration of how ones sin will be his downfall, the reason with which will drag him down to Hell and widen the reach between himself and the mercy of God. Elaborating even further on page 695, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if God should let you go, you would immediately sink and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Edwards describes the helplessness of man, unable to life the bondage of sin without the mercy of God, and without his mercy, man is inevitably lost to Hell. Edwards continues on this thought through a comparison of mans ability to uphold himself out of Hell by his personal means and righteousness to that of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a spiders web would have to stop a fallen rock, (Edwards, 695). The comparison of mans personal means to sustain himself out of Hell and the spiders web attempting to stop a falling rock is a metaphor implying both are vain attempts that end in ruin. Edwards use of figurative language in this instance, specifically, makes it easier for the members of Edwards congregation to relate to the weight of sin dragging one down and in addition, worshippers could create a mental image of what might be in store if one did not repent. The use of figurative language as Edwards had is an ingenious tactic to persuade his audience. It allowed Edwards paint a powerful picture of Hell and Gods sovereignty to even the simplest ones in the congregation and gave him the utmost control over the audiences insight. The most prominent theme Edwards desires to communicate to his congregants is the urgency for the unconverted to repent, and for those who are indifferent or believe his sermon is not relevant to them, to realize God at any moment could cast each of them to Hell for their wickedness as well. Edwards sermon is his outlet to convince his followers there is no excuse and no reasoning of the mind that can evade repentance, and moreover, Gods wrath. He combats the doubtful member among his congregation and the unconverted by reproducing their logic and matching it with statements in which provided an answer to their doubt. One doubt Edwards addresses especially is the idea that mans wisdom is security. Edwards states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that mens own wisdom is no security to them from deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Edwards, 693) and later quotes Ecclesiastes 2.16. By directly countering the qualms of the congregation, Jonathan Edwards strengthens his sermons influence on his followers. The straightforward manner is Edwards method to show leadership and direction. It allows him to restore confidence in his congregants and craft the focus of his congregants on fearing Gods sovereignty. Edwards aimed to transform the conduct of his congregants by reminding them they were at the mercy of Gods wrath. Edwards want for motivating his congregation to strive to be something more in the eyes of God brought forth immense zeal from several members of his audience during and after his sermon. In the first footnote of Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God on page 690, the zeal of his members is described as hysterical, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦breathing of distress, and weepingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as reported by Benjamin Trumbull in A Complete History of Connecticut, 1797. The tactics of Edwards throughout his sermon were exceptionally efficient. His tactics greatly persuaded his audience and even brought forth shame and sorrowfulness in several of his members. Along with the directness of his words and tone, the similes and metaphors guide Edwards congregants to fear damnation and Gods wrath upon the wicked. The figurative language Edwards uses relate directly to his followers and allow them to create a mental image of Hell and the suffering there would be without God.

Love in the Time of the Victorian Era Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane

True love is not found within the goals of economic survival or societal gains, rather it is found when two individuals unite in marriage because they have a genuine affection for each other. In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen depicts what love in a traditional Victorian era would be defined as. Austen displays love as the center of attention for all of society, along with the influences society has on it. Through various characters, such as Mr. Collins and Mrs. Bennet, Austen demonstrates how money and status can largely shape love and the idea of who to love. Yet, with the characters of Jane and Bingley, Austen conveys, in the end, that true love results not from economic necessity or societal gains, but from a sincere affection. Society, as Austen describes it, is similar to the survival of the fittest. In order to get to the top, one must do everything he or she can to get there, including manipulating marriage. In the novel’s society â€Å"family and marriage occupied a far more public and central position in the social government and economic arrangements† (Brown 302). The members of the society in Austen’s novel, specifically Mrs. Bennet, will do anything, including marrying their daughters off to wealthy men, in order to gain a respectable status amongst there peers. Marriage, therefore, becomes a way of getting to the top of the social ladder. This focus on the importance of the social order significantly influences the idea of love and whom to love because it changes the people into thinking that marriage is not about love, but about status. It shapes the individuals into thinking that societal gains are what truly matter in a relationship. In Vyas 2 this situation, Austen illustrates how the society i... ...not money or status. By satirizing love, Austen displays real love in all its purity. Jane and Bingley have a pure, honest love, and this is the kind of love Austen presents in her novel, which is what should be established in a real relationship. Money and society mold love, and place certain implications on it that do not hold true. These implications shape the idea of love and who to love. Within Pride and Prejudice, love is defined as materialistic, yet true love can defy all, and does when Jane and Bingley wed in the end. Through money and status, Austen constructs a premise of flawed love, which she uses to mock society. Nevertheless, this satire is exactly what communicates the true meaning of love proposed by the novel. Affection shapes love, not wealth or status. Love is not about what one has or gains; love is about whom one spends it with.

Eco Polo Essay

1) Identify the change in total revenue (the marginal revenue) from the fourth shirt per day. What price reduction was necessary to sell four rather than three shirts? Marginal revenue for the fourth shirt is $41 even though it price is $44. Price reduction is $1 which is from $45 to $44. 2) What is the change in total revenue from lowering the price to sell seven rather than six shirts in each color each day? The change in total revenue from selling seventh shirts rather than sixth shirts is $28.The marginal revenue of the seventh shirt is $28. The seventh shirt brings in $38.31, which is the selling price. 3) Break out the components of the $28 marginal revenue from the seventh unit sale at $38.31- that is, how much revenue is lost per unit sale relative to the price that would â€Å"move† six shirts per color per day? Selling the seventh shirt per day at a price of $38.31 required reducing the price from $40 to $38.31. Total revenue increased from $240 to $268, a $28 increa se. If the company charged $28 for the shirt, the last shirt yielded exactly the same revenue as its cost her. 4) Calculate the total revenue for selling 10-16 shirts per day. Calculate the reduced prices necessary to achieve each of these sales rates. The highlighted part of the table shows the prices and revenue for 10-18 shirts. 5) What number of shirts unit sales most pleases a sales clerk with sales commission-based bonuses? Sales personnel is targeted on receiving the commission from the product they sell ( a given percentage of sales revenue ). So, they would prefer the $24.07 price, where total revenue is $361 selling 15 shirts a day. 6) Would you recommend lowering price to the level required to generate 15 unit sales per day? Why or why not? The company should not lowering the price to generate 15 sales per day. By lowering the rpice, the company only face a loss of $59 ( $361-$420 ).This is absolutely not a profit maximization because MC>MR. 7) What is the operating profit or loss on the fifteenth shirt sold per color per day? What about the twelfth? The tenth? The marginal operating profit for the fifteenth shirt is $-28. For the twelfth shirt, the marginal operating profit is is $-18. For the tenth shirt, the marginal operating profit is $-12. 8) How many shirts do you recommend selling per color per day? What then is your recommended dollar markup and markup percentage? What dollar margin and percentage margin is that? Optimal (profit maximizing) is where MR=MC, which is at 7 shirt at the  selling price of $38.31 per shirt. The optimal dollar markup is $10.31, the optimal percentage markup is 36.83%, and the dollar margin and percentage margin are $10.31 and 26.91% respectively.

Willa Cather Character Analysis

Carolyn DeGrazia Professor Gerald January 30, 2012 Character Analysis Willa Cather once said, â€Å"Where there is great love, there are always wishes. † She makes this quote relevant in her Pulitzer-prize winning novel, One of Ours. One of Ours is a story about Claude Wheeler, a young man from Nebraska, struggling to find his purpose in life. Throughout the entire novel, he only has one consistent presence in his life that truly believes in him and that is his mother. Mrs. Wheeler, a Protestant Christian, has been married to Mr.Wheeler for more than twenty years. Although she has birthed three boys, she has taken care of many others in her life due to the farm life of her husband. That’s exactly what she is-a caretaker. She was the perfect visionary of a woman during the time period of World War 1. She did was she was told and seldom complained. Claude Wheeler has always had a deep connection with his mother. In the beginning of the novel, Claude is forced to go to Tem ple, a religious university where his mother knows the headmaster. Claude and his mother give and take.Although they may not agree on some of their choices, they support each other in every way. When asked her opinion of Claude’s self-fulfilling duty of signing up for war, â€Å"Mrs. Wheeler has quietly put down her knife and fork. She looked at her husband in a vague alarm, while her fingers moved restlessly about over the tablecloth. † (pg. 172) She knows her place and understands that Claude has been disappointed to many times in his life for her to get in the way of his dreams of war. When Claude passed away, Mrs. Wheeler seemed relieved that he passed away overseas. He died believing his own country better than his. † (pg. 336) All throughout Claude’s life, Mrs. Wheeler had sympathy for her son and attempted to understand and simmer his disappointment with the world. The connection between her and her son will forever go down in history. Her faith in God helped her through her grief of losing Claude. â€Å"And for her, He is nearer still—directly overhead, not so very far above the kitchen stove. †(pg. 337) The love she has for her son is overwhelming and she wishes great things for him in life and in death.